National Medal of Science
W tym artykule poruszony zostanie temat National Medal of Science, który wzbudził duże zainteresowanie współczesnego społeczeństwa. National Medal of Science jest tematem istotnym zarówno w sferze akademickiej, jak i społecznej, gdyż wywiera znaczący wpływ na różne aspekty życia codziennego. W całym artykule zostaną przeanalizowane różne perspektywy i podejścia związane z National Medal of Science, zapewniając czytelnikowi kompleksowe spojrzenie na ten temat. Zbadane zostaną jego pochodzenie, ewolucja, wpływ i możliwe przyszłe implikacje, w celu promowania głębszego zrozumienia National Medal of Science i jego dzisiejszego znaczenia.
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National Medal of Science (pol. Narodowy Medal Nauki) – wyróżnienia przyznawane przez prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych naukowcom za znaczący wkład w rozwój nauk społecznych, biologicznych, chemicznych, technicznych, matematycznych i fizycznych.
Medal został ustanowiony przez Kongres Stanów Zjednoczonych 25 sierpnia 1959. Pierwsza ceremonia wręczenia wyróżnienia miała miejsce 18 lutego 1963, John F. Kennedy uhonorował wówczas Theodore'a von Kármána.
Laureaci
XX wiek
- 1962: Theodore von Kármán
- 1963: Luis Walter Alvarez, Vannevar Bush, Cornelis Bernardus van Niel, John R. Pierce, Norbert Wiener
- 1964: Roger Adams, Othmar Ammann, Theodosius Dobzhansky, Charles Stark Draper, Solomon Lefschetz, Neal Elgar Miller, Harold Calvin Marston Morse, Marshall Nirenberg, Julian Schwinger, Harold Urey, Robert Woodward
- 1965: John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Hugh Latimer Dryden, Clarence Johnson, Leon Max Lederman, Warren K. Lewis, Francis Peyton Rous, William Walden Rubey, George Gaylord Simpson, Donald D. Van Slyke, Oscar Zariski
- 1966: Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Henry Eyring, Edward F. Knipling, Fritz Albert Lipmann, John Willard Milnor, William C. Rose, Claude Elwood Shannon, John H. van Vleck, Sewall Wright, Vladimir Zworykin
- 1967: Jesse Beams, Albert Francis Birch, Gregory Breit, Paul Cohen, Kenneth Stewart Cole, Louis Plack Hammett, Harry Harlow, Michael Heidelberger, George Kistiakowsky, Edwin Herbert Land, Igor Sikorski, Alfred Sturtevant
- 1968: Horace Albert Barker, Paul D. Bartlett, Bernard Brodie, Detlev Bronk, John Presper Eckert, Herbert Friedman, Jay Lush, Nathan M. Newmark, Jerzy Spława-Neyman, Lars Onsager, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Eugene Paul Wigner
- 1969: Herbert Brown, William Feller, Robert J. Huebner, Jack Kilby, Ernst Mayr, Wolfgang Panofsky
- 1970: Richard Brauer, Robert Henry Dicke, Barbara McClintock, George Mueller, Albert Sabin, Allan Rex Sandage, John C. Slater, John Archibald Wheeler, Saul Winstein
- 1973: Daniel I. Arnon, Carl Djerassi, Harold E. Edgerton, Maurice Ewing, Arie Jan Haagen-Smit, Vladimir Haensel, Frederick Seitz, Earl Wilbur Sutherland, John Tukey, Richard T. Whitcomb, Robert R. Wilson
- 1974: Nicolaas Bloembergen, Britton Chance, Erwin Chargaff, Paul Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Kurt Gödel, Rudolf Kompfner, James V. Neel, Linus Carl Pauling, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Kenneth Pitzer, James Augustine Shannon, Abel Wolman, Chien-Shiung Wu
- 1975: John Warner Backus, Manson Benedict, Hans Bethe, Wernher von Braun, Shiing-Shen Chern, George Dantzig, Hallowell Davis, Paul Gyorgy, Sterling Hendricks, Joseph O. Hirschfelder, William Hayward Pickering, Lewis Hastings Sarett, Frederick Terman, Orville Vogel, E. Bright Wilson
- 1976: Morris Cohen, Kurt Friedrichs, Peter Carl Goldmark, Samuel Goudsmit, Roger Charles Louis Guillemin, Herbert S. Gutowsky, Erwin Wilhelm Müller, Keith R. Porter, Efraim Racker, Frederick D. Rossini, Verner E. Suomi, Henry Taube, George Eugene Uhlenbeck, Hassler Whitney, Edward Osborne Wilson
- 1979: Robert H. Burris, Elizabeth C. Crosby, Joseph Doob, Richard Feynman, Donald Ervin Knuth, Arthur Kornberg, Emmett N. Leith, Hermann F. Mark, Raymond D. Mindlin, Robert Noyce, Severo Ochoa, Earl R. Parker, Edward Mills Purcell, Simon Ramo, John H. Sinfelt, Lyman Spitzer, Earl Reece Stadtman, George Ledyard Stebbins, Paul Alfred Weiss, Victor Weisskopf
- 1981: Philip Handler
- 1982: Philip W. Anderson, Seymour Benzer, Glenn W. Burton, Mildred Cohn, F. Albert Cotton, Ed Heinemann, Donald L. Katz, Yoichiro Nambu, Marshall Harvey Stone, Gilbert Stork, Edward Teller, Charles H. Townes
- 1983: Howard L. Bachrach, Paul Berg, Margaret Burbidge, Maurice Goldhaber, Hermann Heine Goldstine, William Hewlett, Roald Hoffmann, Helmut E. Landsberg, George Low, Walter Munk, George C. Pimentel, Frederick Reines, Wendell L. Roelofs, Bruno Rossi, Berta Scharrer, John Robert Schrieffer, Isadore M. Singer, John G. Trump, Richard N. Zare
- 1986: Solomon J. Buchsbaum, Stanley Cohen, Horace R. Crane, Herman Feshbach, Harry Gray, Donald Henderson, Robert Hofstadter, Peter Lax, Yuan T. Lee, Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, Tung-Yen Lin, Carl S. Marvel, Vernon Mountcastle, Bernard M. Oliver, George Emil Palade, Herbert Simon, Joan Steitz, Frank Westheimer, Chen Ning Yang, Antoni Zygmund
- 1987: Philip Hauge Abelson, Anne Anastasi, Robert B. Bird, Raoul Bott, Michael Ellis DeBakey, Theodor O. Diener, Harry Eagle, Walter Elsasser, Michael Freedman, William Summer Johnson, Har Gobind Khorana, Paul Christian Lauterbur, Rita Levi-Montalcini, George Pake, H. Bolton Seed, George Stigler, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler, James van Allen, Ernst Weber
- 1988: William O. Baker, Konrad Bloch, David Allan Bromley, Michael Stuart Brown, Paul Chu, Stanley N. Cohen, Elias James Corey Jr., Daniel C. Drucker, Milton Friedman, Joseph Leonard Goldstein, Ralph Gomory, Willis Hawkins, Maurice Hilleman, George W. Housner, Eric R. Kandel, Joseph B. Keller, Walter Kohn, Norman Ramsey, Jack Steinberger, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
- 1989: Arnold Orville Beckman, Richard B. Bernstein, Melvin Calvin, Harry George Drickamer, Katherine Esau, Herbert Grier, Viktor Hamburger, Samuel Karlin, Philip Leder, Joshua Lederberg, Saunders Mac Lane, Rudolph Arthur Marcus, Harden M. McConnell, Eugene N. Parker, Robert P. Sharp, Donald Spencer, Roger Sperry, Henry Stommel, Harland G. Wood
- 1990: Baruj Benacerraf, Elkan R. Blout, Herbert W. Boyer, George F. Carrier, Allan McLeod Cormack, Mildred Dresselhaus, Karl A. Folkers, Nick Holonyak, Leonid Hurwicz, Stephen Cole Kleene, Daniel E. Koshland, Edward B. Lewis, John McCarthy, Edwin Mattison McMillan, David G. Nathan, Robert Pound, Roger Revelle, John D. Roberts, Patrick Suppes, Edward Donnall Thomas
- 1991: Mary Ellen Avery, Ronald Breslow, Alberto Calderón, Gertrude Belle Elion, George H. Heilmeier, Dudley R. Herschbach, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Elvin A. Kabat, Robert W. Kates, Luna Bergere Leopold, Salvador Edward Luria, Paul A. Marks, George A. Miller, Arthur L. Schawlow, Glenn Theodore Seaborg, Folke K. Skoog, Guyford Stever, Edward C. Stone, Steven Weinberg, Paul Charles Zamecnik
- 1992: Eleanor J. Gibson, Allen Newell, Calvin Quate, Eugene Shoemaker, Howard E. Simmons, Maxine F. Singer, Howard Martin Temin, John Roy Whinnery
- 1993: Alfred Y. Cho, Donald J. Cram, Val Fitch, Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, Norman Hackerman, Martin Kruskal, Daniel Nathans, Vera Rubin
- 1994: Ray W. Clough, John Cocke, Thomas Eisner, George S. Hammond, Robert King Merton, Elizabeth F. Neufeld, Albert Overhauser, Frank Press
- 1995: Thomas R. Cech, Hans Georg Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich, Hermann A. Haus, Isabella Lugoski-Karle, Louis Nirenberg, Alexander Rich, Roger Shepard
- 1996: Wallace S. Broecker, Norman Davidson, James L. Flanagan, Richard M. Karp, C. Kumar N. Patel, Ruth Patrick, Paul A. Samuelson, Stephen Smale
- 1997: William K. Estes, Darleane C. Hoffman, Harold S. Johnston, Marshall Rosenbluth, Martin Schwarzschild, James Watson, Robert Allan Weinberg, George Wetherill, Shing-Tung Yau
- 1998: Bruce Ames, Don L. Anderson, John N. Bahcall, John W. Cahn, Cathleen Synge Morawetz, Janet Rowley, Eli Ruckenstein, George Whitesides, William Julius Wilson
- 1999: David Baltimore, Felix Browder, Ronald Coifman, James Cronin, Jared Diamond, Leo Kadanoff, Lynn Margulis, Stuart A. Rice, John Ross, Susan Solomon, Robert M. Solow, Kenneth N. Stevens
- 2000: Nancy Coover Andreasen, John D. Baldeschwieler, Gary Becker, Yuan-Cheng B. Fung, Ralph Hirschmann, Willis E. Lamb, Jeremiah P. Ostriker, Peter H. Raven, John Griggs Thompson, Karen Uhlenbeck, Gilbert White, Carl Woese
XXI wiek
- 2001: Andreas Acrivos, Francisco J. Ayala, George Fletcher Bass, Mario Capecchi, Marvin Cohen, Ernest R. Davidson, Raymond Davis, Ann M. Graybiel, Charles David Keeling, Gene Likens, Victor Almon McKusick, C. R. Rao, Gábor A. Somorjai, Elias Stein, Harold Elliot Varmus
- 2002: Leo L. Beranek, John I. Brauman, James E. Darnell, Richard Garwin, James Glimm, William Jason Morgan, Evelyn M. Witkin, Edward Witten
- 2003: John Michael Bishop, Brent Dalrymple, Carl R. de Boor, Riccardo Giacconi, Duncan Luce, John M. Prausnitz, Solomon H. Snyder, Charles Yanofsky
- 2004: Kenneth Arrow, Norman Ernest Borlaug, Robert N. Clayton, Edwin N. Lightfoot, Stephen Lippard, Phillip Allen Sharp, Thomas E. Starzl, Dennis Sullivan
- 2005: Jan D. Achenbach, Ralph Alpher, Gordon H. Bower, Bradley Efron, Anthony Fauci, Tobin Marks, Lonnie G. Thompson, Torsten N. Wiesel
- 2006: Hyman Bass, Marvin Caruthers, Rita R. Colwell, Peter Dervan, Nina V. Fedoroff, Daniel Kleppner, Robert Langer, Lubert Stryer
- 2007: Faye Ajzenberg-Selove, Mostafa El-Sayed, Leonard Kleinrock, Robert Lefkowitz, Bert O’Malley, Charles P. Slichter, Andrew Viterbi, David Wineland
- 2008: Bernie Alder, Francis Collins, Joanna Fowler, Elaine Fuchs, James E. Gunn, Rudolf Kálmán, Michael Posner, JoAnne Stubbe, Craig Venter
- 2009: Jakir Aharonow, Stephen Benkovic, Esther M. Conwell, Marye Anne Fox, Susan Lindquist, Mortimer Mishkin, David Bryant Mumford, Stanley Prusiner, Warren M. Washington, Amnon Yariv
- 2010: Jacqueline Barton, Rudolf Jaenisch, Peter J. Stang, Shu Chien, Ralph Brinster, Richard A. Tapia, Srinivasa S.R. Varadhan
- 2011: Allen Bard, Sallie Chisholm, Sidney Drell, Sandra Faber, Sylvester James Gates, Solomon Golomb, John B. Goodenough, M. Frederick Hawthorne, Leroy Hood, Barry Mazur, Lucy Shapiro, Anne Treisman
- 2014: Bruce Alberts, Robert Axelrod, May Berenbaum, Alexandre Chorin, Thomas Kailath, Judith Klinman, Jerrold Meinwald, Burton Richter, Sean Solomon, David Blackwell (pośmiertnie)
Przypisy
- ↑ Laureaci 2014 whitehouse.gov
Bibliografia
Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 60. XX w.)
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Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 70. XX w.)
Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 80. XX w.)
Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 90. XX w.)
Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 2000–2009)
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Laureaci National Medal of Science (lata 2010–2019)
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