Foreign relations of the Gambia

In this article we will try to address the topic of Foreign relations of the Gambia from a broad and detailed perspective, with the aim of offering the reader a comprehensive and enriching vision of this matter. We will delve into its different aspects, exploring its origins, evolution, implications and possible solutions. Foreign relations of the Gambia is a topic of great relevance and interest today, so it is crucial to deepen its understanding in order to understand its impact in different areas. Along these lines, we will venture to discover essential elements that allow us to generate a complete and enriching analysis of Foreign relations of the Gambia, in order to enrich knowledge and reflection around this topic.

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The Gambia followed a formal policy of non-alignment throughout most of former President Dawda Jawara's tenure. It maintained close relations with the United Kingdom, Senegal, and other African countries. The July 1994 coup strained The Gambia's relationship with Western powers, particularly the United States. Starting in 1995, President Yahya Jammeh established diplomatic relations with several additional countries, including Libya, the Republic of China (on Taiwan, before 2013), and Cuba. As scholars on Gambia's foreign policy have argued, throughout Jammeh's period, the country's foreign policy was a shifting sand, with little of direction.

Amat Jeng, a scholar on Gambia's foreign policy, argues that "The Gambia under Jammeh was not constrained by the bureaucratic hurly-burly which characterizes the foreign policy terrain of big democracies. In The Gambia, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) had, on several occasions, been left in a vacuum, thereby placing it under the Office of the President. Between 1997 and 2013, the MFA had been occupied by more than 18 different ministers in more than 20 sworn-in occasions. This qualifies the argument that Jammeh had always had the power to fire ministers at will. In North Korea, the MFA has been occupied only by ten different foreign ministers since 1948."


During his last years, the EU grew increasingly intolerant of Jammeh's iron-fist rule. Consequently, Brussels withheld millions of Euros to The Gambia. Jammeh fired back by expelling the EU's top diplomat in the country after he had accused the bloc and human rights activists of conniving to besmirch the image of his government for its stance on homosexuality.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which the Gambia maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United Kingdom 18 February 1965
2  Japan 18 February 1965
3  Turkey 18 February 1965
4  South Korea 21 April 1965
5  Germany 26 April 1965
6  Senegal 13 May 1965
7  Lebanon 24 May 1965
8  Ghana 28 May 1965
9  Nigeria 28 May 1965
10  France 31 May 1965
11  Israel 3 June 1965
12  India 25 June 1965
13  Russia 17 July 1965
14  United States 9 August 1965
15  Spain 14 August 1965
16  Italy 30 October 1965
17  Liberia 3 November 1965
18  Mauritania 15 December 1965
19  Brazil 1965
20  Serbia 1965
21  Egypt 31 January 1966
22  Belgium 7 February 1966
23   Switzerland 30 March 1966
24  Morocco 29 June 1966
25  Netherlands 1 August 1966
26  Canada 24 August 1966
27  Ethiopia 17 October 1966
28  Sierra Leone 10 December 1966
29  Pakistan 1967
30  Sweden 1968
31  Austria 1970
32  Hungary 14 June 1971
33  Mali 25 June 1971
34  Romania 30 July 1971
35  Guinea 6 August 1971
36  Czech Republic 19 February 1972
37  Tunisia 28 December 1972
38  North Korea 2 March 1973
39  Vietnam 30 October 1973
40  Algeria 1973
41  Libya 1973
42  Saudi Arabia 9 May 1974
43  Guinea-Bissau 10 August 1974
44  Venezuela 17 August 1974
45  Kuwait 29 August 1974
46  China 14 December 1974
47  Zambia 30 December 1974
48  Bangladesh 1974
49  Poland 21 January 1975
50  Iran 27 January 1975
51  Cameroon 8 March 1975
52  Luxembourg 15 April 1975
53  United Arab Emirates 9 July 1975
54  Ivory Coast 8 August 1975
55  Mexico 15 August 1975
56  Portugal 8 September 1976
57  Malta 21 October 1976
58  Togo 10 May 1977
59  Suriname 17 October 1977
60  Qatar 22 January 1978
61  Cape Verde January 1978
—  Holy See 7 June 1978
62  Denmark January 1979
63  Cuba 19 May 1979
64  Argentina 15 January 1980
65  Oman 4 February 1980
66  Democratic Republic of the Congo 7 January 1981
67  Niger 23 February 1981
68  Malaysia 1981
69  Australia 15 February 1982
70  Iraq 16 February 1982
71  Indonesia 30 May 1982
72  Bahrain 6 February 1983
73  Norway 8 February 1983
74  Thailand 15 February 1985
75  Yemen 28 March 1985
76  Bahamas 1985
77  Finland 1 September 1988
78  Colombia 3 October 1988
79  Maldives 3 July 1989
80  Namibia 1990–1992
81  Azerbaijan 11 November 1994
82  Slovakia 18 August 1995
83  Philippines 26 June 1996
84  Bosnia and Herzegovina 12 July 1996
85  Latvia 12 March 1998
86  South Africa 7 August 1998
87  North Macedonia 29 September 1998
88  Croatia 16 October 1998
89  Ukraine 2 July 1999
90  Costa Rica 26 October 1999
91  Lithuania 17 February 2000
92  Kyrgyzstan 30 June 2000
93  Cyprus 8 December 2000
94  Ireland 29 May 2001
95  Estonia 30 May 2001
96  Belarus 10 April 2002
97  Mauritius 4 March 2003
98  Iceland 11 May 2004
99  Madagascar 20 July 2004
100  San Marino 29 October 2004
101  Slovenia 25 August 2005
102  Guatemala 25 September 2006
103  Jordan 13 March 2007
104  Uruguay 25 September 2007
105  Sudan 13 February 2008
106  Kenya 15 October 2008
107  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2 March 2009
108  Guyana 24 September 2009
109  Georgia 21 April 2010
110  Paraguay 22 April 2010
111  Cambodia 28 April 2010
112  Myanmar 13 January 2011
113  Kazakhstan 26 April 2011
114  Solomon Islands 19 May 2011
115  Jamaica 29 November 2011
116  Ecuador 1 December 2011
117  Mongolia 22 December 2011
118  Moldova 12 June 2012
119  Zimbabwe 19 July 2012
120  Dominica 26 July 2012
121  Tuvalu 26 July 2012
122  Turkmenistan 9 August 2012
123  Montenegro 16 August 2012
124  Kiribati 27 September 2012
125  Nauru 27 September 2012
126  Rwanda 14 July 2014
127  Fiji 24 October 2014
128  Singapore 23 January 2015
129  Brunei 21 January 2016
130  Saint Lucia 13 April 2016
131  Saint Kitts and Nevis 6 June 2016
—  Kosovo 23 September 2016
132  Tajikistan 18 December 2017
133  Armenia 9 October 2018
134  Malawi 19 February 2019
135  Tanzania 25 April 2019
136  Dominican Republic 10 May 2019
137  Sri Lanka 10 May 2019
138  Nicaragua 8 July 2019
139    Nepal 24 May 2021
140  Djibouti 1 July 2021
141  Chad 31 August 2021
142  Gabon 1 September 2021
143  Angola 3 September 2021
144  Comoros 11 October 2021
145  Burundi 15 October 2021
146  Equatorial Guinea 29 May 2022
147  Republic of the Congo 17 June 2022
148  Somalia 22 June 2022
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 20 September 2023
149  Belize 22 September 2023
150  Seychelles 16 November 2023
151  Botswana 13 February 2024
152  Uzbekistan 14 March 2024
153  Benin Unknown
154  Burkina Faso Unknown
155  Greece Unknown
—  State of Palestine Unknown
156  Uganda Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Benin The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Botswana The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Burkina Faso The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Cape Verde The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Democratic Republic of the Congo The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Ghana The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Guinea Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 1971 when Guinea's first resident Ambassador in Bathurst Boubacar Kassory Bangoura, has presented his credentials to President Jawara.
 Guinea-Bissau Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 August 1974, when first ambassador of The Gambia Mr Sam Sarr presented his credentials to head of state Luis Cabral
 Kenya The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Liberia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Libya The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Mali 25 June 1971 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1971 when Gambia's first Ambassador to Mali , Mr. Samuel Jonathan Okiki Sarr , presented his credentials to the Head of States , Lieut. Traore.
 Mauritania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Morocco The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and the Gambia supports Morocco in regards to the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.
 Namibia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Niger Both countries were members of ECOWAS.
 Nigeria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Rwanda The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Somalia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Sudan The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Tanzania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Tunisia 1972 The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Uganda The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Zambia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Azerbaijan 11 November 1994 See Azerbaijan-Gambia relations

On November 11, 1994, Azerbaijan and the Gambia signed the Protocol on the establishment of diplomatic relations.

 Bangladesh Bangladesh and Gambia maintain diplomatic relations.
 China 14 December 1974 See China–Gambia relations

China and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.

 India 25 June 1965 See Gambia–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 June 1965

 Iran Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Iraq 16 February 1982 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 1982 when the Gambian president , Sir Dawda Kairaba Jawara , has received the credentials of Nadim Ahmad al - Yasin , as Iraq's nonresident ambassador to the Republic of Gambia.
 Israel Both countries reestablished diplomatic relations on 13 September 1992.
 Kuwait Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Malaysia 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1981

See Gambia–Malaysia relations

The Malaysian embassy in Dakar is accredited to The Gambia while the Gambian embassy in Abu Dhabi is accredited to Malaysia. The relations are friendly and warm.

 Oman Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 State of Palestine Gambia and the State of Palestine maintain diplomatic relations.
 Taiwan — See Gambia–Taiwan relations

The Gambia firstly established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) in 1968, three years after The Gambia gained its independence from the United Kingdom.

In 1974, The Gambia switched diplomatic relations from ROC to the People's Republic of China but switched again back to ROC in 1995. In December 2006, the Premier of the Republic of China (Taiwan) completed an official visit to the Gambia in part to pay respects to President Jammeh's inaugural ceremony and to donate funds for medical purposes. The Gambian Secretary of State reciprocated with an official visit to Taiwan. There have been several occasional official visits between the two countries. The People's Republic of China cut ties with the Gambia in 1995 after the latter established diplomatic links with the Republic of China (Taiwan). After 18 years, however, Gambian President Yahya Jammeh announced the breaking of diplomatic ties with ROC to recognize PRC on 14 November 2013 citing national strategic interest, immediately even after receiving US$6.6  million worth of aid from the Republic of China (Taiwan) earlier. The ROC officially terminated its ties with The Gambia four days later on 18 November 2013. In an unprecedented move, however, the PRC did not respond to Gambia's offer to establish diplomatic relations, presumably because of its desire to improve relations with Taiwan. The PRC and Gambia reestablished diplomatic relations on 17 March 2016.

 Turkey 18 February 1965
  • The Gambia has an embassy in Ankara.
  • Turkey has an embassy in Banjul.
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to Banjul since August 2018.
 United Arab Emirates Both countries maintain diplomatic relations.

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Mexico 15 August 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 August 1975
  • Mexico is accredited to The Gambia from its embassy in Accra, Ghana.
 United States 9 August 1965 See Gambia–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 August 1965

U.S. policy seeks to build improved relations with the Gambia on the basis of historical ties, mutual respect, democratic rule, human rights, and adherence to UN resolutions on counterterrorism, conflict diamonds, and other forms of trafficking. In accordance with U.S. law, most direct bilateral development and military assistance to the Gambia was suspended because of the 1994 coup d'état. U.S. assistance continues, however, in the form of food aid administered through Catholic Relief Services, support for democracy and human rights projects, and the financing of girls' secondary education. In addition, the Peace Corps maintains a large program with about eighty volunteers engaged in the environment, public health, and education sectors, mainly at the village level.

The Gambia is also a member of the International Criminal Court with a Bilateral Immunity Agreement of protection for the US-military (as covered under Article 98).

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Belgium Gambia has an embassy in Brussels.
 Greece The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.
 Italy Italy is represented in Gambia through its embassy in Dakar, Senegal.
 Luxembourg Gambia is represented in Luxembourg through its embassy in Brussels.
 Netherlands Gambia is represented in the Netherlands through its embassy in Brussels.
 Russia 17 July 1965 See Gambia–Russia relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1965.

 Spain 14 August 1965 See Gambia–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 August 1965

 Sweden Gambia and Sweden maintain diplomatic relations.
  Switzerland Gambia and Switzerland maintain diplomatic relations.
 United Kingdom 18 February 1965 An 1889 agreement with France established the present boundaries. The Gambia became a British Crown Colony, British Gambia, divided for administrative purposes into the colony (city of Banjul and the surrounding area) and the protectorate (remainder of the territory). The Gambia received its own executive and legislative councils in 1901 and gradually progressed toward self-government. It passed a 1906 ordinance abolishing slavery.

During World War II, Gambian troops fought with the Allies in Burma. Banjul (then named Bathurst) served as an air stop for the U.S. Army Air Corps and a port of call for Allied naval convoys. U. S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt stopped overnight in Banjul en route to and from the Casablanca Conference in 1943, marking the first visit to the African continent by a sitting American president.

After World War II, the pace of constitutional reform increased. Following general elections in 1962, the United Kingdom granted full internal self-governance in the following year. The Gambia achieved independence on 18 February 1965, as a constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.

Pacific

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.

The Gambia and the Commonwealth of Nations

The Gambia was a member of the Commonwealth of Nations from its independence in 1965 until its withdrawal in October 2013.

After presidential elections in 2016, the winning candidate Adama Barrow promised to return The Gambia to the Commonwealth. On 14 February 2017, The Gambia began the process of returning and formally presented its application to re-join to Secretary-General Patricia Scotland on 22 January 2018. Boris Johnson, who became the first British Foreign Secretary to visit The Gambia since the country gained independence in 1965, announced that the British government welcomed The Gambia's return to the Commonwealth.

See also

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